Although previous studies have explored racial/ethnic differences in incident atopic dermatitis (AD) in childhood, few studies have examined risk factors associated with AD persistence. As such, we sought to examine differences in incidence and persistence of childhood AD by race/ethnicity accounting for socio-demographic characteristics and perinatal vitamin D levels. Using data from Project Viva, a prospective pre-birth cohort in eastern Massachusetts, we studied 1,437 mother-child pairs with known AD status to examine the associations of race/ethnicity with maternally-reported child AD. We used multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for socio-demographic factors and maternal plasma vitamin D, to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of AD incidence at early childhood and persistence at mid-childhood. Compared to non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks (aOR 2.71, 95% CI: 1.75, 4.19) and other non-Hispanics (aOR 1.80, 95% CI: 1.16, 2.80) were more likely to have incident AD. Non-Hispanic blacks (aOR 6.26, 95% CI: 2.32, 16.88) and Hispanics (aOR 6.42, 95% CI: 1.93, 21.41) with early childhood AD were more likely to have persistent AD. In conclusion, compared to non-Hispanic whites, AD incidence and persistence is higher among certain non-white racial/ethnic subgroups. Further research is warranted to identify environmental, socioeconomic, and genetic factors that may be responsible for the observed differences.